Genomic Insights Into the Use of Green Tea ( Camellia sinensis ) as a Functional Feed Additive in Sustainable Aquaculture

Abstract

ABSTRACT Aquaculture is the fastest‐growing sector of animal food production, yet it faces increasing challenges in maintaining fish health and sustainability due to the widespread use of antibiotics and synthetic feed additives. Green tea ( Camellia sinensis ), a natural source of polyphenols and bioactive compounds, has gained attention as a functional feed additive capable of enhancing growth performance, immune function and disease resistance in aquaculture species. This review critically examines genomic and omics‐based evidence supporting the efficacy of C. sinensis in fish and shrimp nutrition. Findings from quantitative PCR (qPCR) and transcriptomic studies reveal that green tea supplementation significantly modulates the expression of key immune and antioxidant genes, including IL‐1β , TNF‐α , SOD and CAT , thereby strengthening innate immune responses and oxidative stress resistance. In addition, green tea influences critical stress and pathogen‐response pathways through the upregulation of HSP70 , toll‐like receptors (TLRs) and activation of the NF‐κB signalling cascade. These molecular responses collectively contribute to enhanced physiological resilience and reduced reliance on antibiotics. Comparative data indicate consistent improvements in growth metrics, gene expression profiles and immune biomarkers across multiple aquaculture species, emphasizing dose specificity and conserved pathways across species. The integration of green tea into aquafeeds presents a sustainable, eco‐friendly strategy aligned with modern functional feed innovations. Future research should aim to optimize dosage levels, evaluate species‐specific responses and employ integrative multi‐omics approaches to further elucidate long‐term effects on aquatic health and environmental sustainability.