Multiple three‐dimensional mammalian cell aggregates formed away from solid substrata in ultrasound standing waves
Citations Over Time
Abstract
Single and multiple three-dimensional cell aggregates of human red blood cells (RBCs) and HepG2 cells were formed rapidly in low mega-Hertz ultrasound standing wave fields of different geometries. A single discoid aggregate was formed in a half-wavelength pathlength resonator at a cell concentration sufficient to produce a 3D structure. Multiple cell aggregates were formed on the axis of a cylindrical resonator with a plane transducer (discoid aggregates); in a resonator with a tubular transducer and in the cross-fields of plane and tubular transducers and two plane orthogonal transducers (all cylindrical aggregates). Mechanically strong RBC aggregates were obtained by crosslinking with wheat germ agglutinin (WGA, a lectin). Scanning electron microscopy showed aggregate surface porous structures when RBCs were mixed with WGA before sonication and tighter packing when ultrasonically preformed aggregates were subsequently exposed to a flow containing WGA. HepG2 cell aggregates showed strong accumulation of F-actin at sites of cell-cell contact consistent with increased mechanical stability. The aggregates had a porous surface, and yet confocal microscopy revealed a tight packing of cells in the aggregate's inner core.
Related Papers
- → The role of specimen‐induced spherical aberration in confocal microscopy(1997)62 cited
- → <title>Confocal theta microscopy and 4Pi-confocal theta microscopy</title>(1994)19 cited
- → <title>Confocal interference microscopy</title>(1997)3 cited
- → Light efficiency vs. image acquisition time: considerations for parallel confocal microscopy applied to biological tissue observation(2001)2 cited
- → Three-dimensional Dammann confocal microscopy(2017)