Phosphorization‐Induced Void‐Containing Fe3O4 Nanoparticles Enabling Low Lithiation/Delithiation Potential for High‐Performance Lithium‐Ion Batteries
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Abstract
Abstract In terms of Fe 3 O 4 ‐based anodes, enormous academic progress has been achieved over the past two decades; however, even with excellent half‐cell performance, the relatively high lithiation potential and unsatisfactory initial coulombic efficiency (ICE) represent two major barriers to their commercial application, at present. We propose partially phosphorized Fe 3 O 4 (P−Fe 3 O 4 ) with interior void spaces induced by phosphorization to enhance the Li + storage property of Fe 3 O 4 ‐based anodes. P−Fe 3 O 4 anodes offer a much higher capacity at low potential compared with bare Fe 3 O 4 electrodes. Additionally, the well‐designed nanostructure with preferable specific surface area prevents the initial irreversible lithium loss, which contributes to a brilliant ICE (80.8 % at 100 mA g −1 ). Moreover, in‐situ X‐ray diffraction proves that the formation of the Li x Fe 3 O 4 phase results from an initial intercalation process. In particular, the output voltage and energy density of P−Fe 3 O 4 full‐cells are much greater than those of Fe 3 O 4 full‐cells. In this work, the P−Fe 3 O 4 full‐cell exhibits a capacity of 680 mAh g −1 at 200 mA g −1 as well as an excellent rate capability of 267 mAh g −1 with a current density up to 1000 mA g −1 . This study presents a new strategy to enhance Li + storage of Fe 3 O 4 enabling low lithiation/delithiation potential and high ICE, which may offer exciting opportunities toward designing high‐performance full‐cells with commercial cathodes.
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