Continuous 3D Multi-Channel Sign Language Production via Progressive Transformers and Mixture Density Networks

Citations Over TimeTop 10% of 2021 papers

Abstract

Abstract Sign languages are multi-channel visual languages, where signers use a continuous 3D space to communicate. Sign language production (SLP), the automatic translation from spoken to sign languages, must embody both the continuous articulation and full morphology of sign to be truly understandable by the Deaf community. Previous deep learning-based SLP works have produced only a concatenation of isolated signs focusing primarily on the manual features, leading to a robotic and non-expressive production. In this work, we propose a novel Progressive Transformer architecture, the first SLP model to translate from spoken language sentences to continuous 3D multi-channel sign pose sequences in an end-to-end manner. Our transformer network architecture introduces a counter decoding that enables variable length continuous sequence generation by tracking the production progress over time and predicting the end of sequence. We present extensive data augmentation techniques to reduce prediction drift, alongside an adversarial training regime and a mixture density network (MDN) formulation to produce realistic and expressive sign pose sequences. We propose a back translation evaluation mechanism for SLP, presenting benchmark quantitative results on the challenging PHOENIX14T dataset and setting baselines for future research. We further provide a user evaluation of our SLP model, to understand the Deaf reception of our sign pose productions.

Related Papers

• → Adapting the Assessing British Sign Language Development: Receptive Skills Test Into American Sign Language(2011)66 cited
• → Code Switching in Deaf Adults(1987)10 cited
• → A direct-concatenation approach to train hidden Markov models to recognize the highly confusing Mandarin syllables with very limited training data(1993)9 cited
• → American Sign Language in Education of the Deaf(1986)4 cited
• → The automation of spinal non-manual signals in American Sign Language(2011)