Co-exposure of Monensin Increased the Risks of Atrazine to Earthworms

Citations Over TimeTop 10% of 2022 papers

Abstract

Antibiotics could enter farmlands through sewage irrigation or manure application, causing combined pollution with pesticides. Antibiotics may affect the environmental fate of pesticides and even increase their bioavailability. In this study, the influence of monensin on the degradation, toxicity, and availability of atrazine in soil-earthworm microcosms was investigated. Monensin inhibited the degradation of atrazine, changed the metabolite patterns in soil, and increased the bioavailability of atrazine in earthworms. Atrazine and monensin had a significant synergistic effect on earthworms in the acute toxic test. In long-term toxicity tests, co-exposure of atrazine and monensin also led to worse effects on earthworms including oxidative stress, energy metabolism disruption, and cocoon production compared to single exposure. The expression of tight junction proteins was down-regulated significantly by monensin, indicating that the intestinal barrier of earthworms was weakened, possibly causing the increased bioavailability of atrazine. The expressions of heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) and reproductive and ontogenetic factors (ANN, TCTP) were all downregulated in binary exposure, indicating that the resilience and cocoon production of earthworms were further weakened under combined pollution. Monensin disturbed the energy metabolism and weakened the intestinal barrier of earthworms. These results showed that monensin increased the risks of atrazine in agricultural areas.

Related Papers

• → Lead Impact on the Earthworm Eisenia fetida and Earthworm Recovery after Exposure(2020)19 cited
• → Evaluation of EROD and CYP3A4 activities in earthworm Eisenia fetida as biomarkers for soil heavy metal contamination(2012)36 cited
• → Earthworm species and their feeding substances have great role on the quantity and quality of produced vermicompost(2020)6 cited
• Bioaccumulation of Cobalt and Lead by Earthworm Eisenia fetida from Sewage sludge with different cattle dung during Vermicomposting(2014)
• The effects of varying coffee ground amendments on earthworm Eisenia fetida biomass in vermicomposting.(2012)