A Three-Layer Integrated Structured Spacer Fabric with Exudate Management, Breathability, Coagulation, and Antibacterial Properties for Efficient Wound Healing

Abstract

Currently, the development of wound dressings that combine liquid management, multidirectional breathability, self-supporting properties, hemostasis, and antibacterial characteristics presents challenges. Based on this issue, this study employs carboxymethyl modification, two-dimensional braiding, three-dimensional weft-knitting technology, and methylene blue (MB) solution impregnation to fabricate a specialized structured spacer fabric dressing (SFD-MB dressing). The successful modification gives the SFD-MB dressing with higher absorbency and water-absorbing gelation properties, enabling it to exhibit the ability to manage exudate and an absorption ratio of up to 376.47%, as well as meet the humidity requirements for wound healing. The three-dimensional knitted structure of the SFD-MB dressing ensures excellent breathability (maintaining a vertical airflow rate of 234.71 mm/s even when saturated with water), with a water vapor transmission ratio of 1204.16 g/m2/day. The compressive strength (11.76 kPa) and compressive modulus (17.2 kPa) of this dressing provide wound protection against external forces. Antiadhesion tests reveal that the hydrophobic surface created by polyethylene filament (PE filament) helps prevent the dressing from sticking to the wound and causing secondary injury. Coagulation, antibacterial, and cytotoxicity experiments confirm the hemostatic, antibacterial properties, and nontoxicity of the SFD-MB dressing. Better wound closure and tissue regeneration in full-thickness wound healing models prove the potential of the SFD-MB dressing.