Chemical Warfare Agents Detoxification Properties of Zirconium Metal–Organic Frameworks by Synergistic Incorporation of Nucleophilic and Basic Sites
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Abstract
The development of protective self-detoxifying materials is an important societal challenge to counteract risk of attacks employing highly toxic chemical warfare agents (CWAs). In this work, we have developed bifunctional zirconium metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) incorporating variable amounts of nucleophilic amino residues by means of formation of the mixed ligand [Zr6O4(OH)4(bdc)6(1-x)(bdc-NH2)6x] (UiO-66-xNH2) and [Zr6O4(OH)4(bpdc)6(1-x)(bpdc-(NH2)2)6x] (UiO-67-x(NH2)2) systems where bdc = benzene-1,4-dicarboxylate; bdc-NH2= benzene-2-amino-1,4-dicarboxylate; bpdc = 4,4'-biphenyldicarboxylate; bpdc-(NH2)2 = 2,2'-diamino-4,4'-biphenyldicarboxylate and x = 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1. In a second step, the UiO-66-xNH2 and UiO-67-x(NH2)2 systems have been postsynthetically modified by introduction of highly basic lithium tert-butoxide (LiOtBu) on the oxohydroxometallic clusters of the mixed ligand MOFs to yield UiO-66-xNH2@LiOtBu and UiO-67-x(NH2)2@LiOtBu materials. The results show that the combination of pre and postsynthetic modifications on these MOF series gives rise to fine-tuning of the catalytic activity toward the hydrolytic degradation of both simulants and real CWAs in unbuffered aqueous solutions. Indeed, UiO-66-0.25NH2@LiOtBu is able to hydrolyze both CWAs simulants (diisopropylfluorophosphate (DIFP), 2-chloroethylethylsulfide (CEES), and real CWAs (soman (GD), sulfur mustard (HD)) quickly in aqueous solution. These results are related to a suitable combination of robustness, nucleophilicity, basicity, and accessibility to the porous framework.
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