Resolution of Michaelis Complex, Acylation, and Conformational Change Steps in the Reactions of the Serpin, Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1, with Tissue Plasminogen Activator and Trypsin

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Abstract

Michaelis complex, acylation, and conformational change steps were resolved in the reactions of the serpin, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), with tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and trypsin by comparing the reactions of active and Ser 195-inactivated enzymes with site-specific fluorescent-labeled PAI-1 derivatives that report these events. Anhydrotrypsin or S195A tPA-induced fluorescence changes in P1'-Cys and P9-Cys PAI-1 variants labeled with the fluorophore, NBD, indicative of a substrate-like interaction of the serpin reactive loop with the proteinase active-site, with the P1' label but not the P9 label perturbing the interactions by 10-60-fold. Rapid kinetic analyses of the labeled PAI-1-inactive enzyme interactions were consistent with a single-step reversible binding process involving no conformational change. Blocking of PAI-1 reactive loop-beta-sheet A interactions through mutation of the P14 Thr --> Arg or annealing a reactive center loop peptide into sheet A did not weaken the binding of the inactive enzymes, suggesting that loop-sheet interactions were unlikely to be induced by the binding. Only active trypsin and tPA induced the characteristic fluorescence changes in the labeled PAI-1 variants previously shown to report acylation and reactive loop-sheet A interactions during the PAI-1-proteinase reaction. Rapid kinetic analyses showed saturation of the reaction rate constant and, in the case of the P1'-labeled PAI-1 reaction, biphasic changes in fluorescence indicative of an intermediate resembling the noncovalent complex on the path to the covalent complex. Indistinguishable K(M) and k(lim) values of approximately 20 microM and 80-90 s(-1) for reaction of the two labeled PAI-1s with trypsin suggested that a diffusion-limited association of PAI-1 and trypsin and rate-limiting acylation step, insensitive to the effects of labeling, controlled covalent complex formation. By contrast, differing values of K(M) of 1.7 and 0.1 microM and of k(lim) of 17 and 2.6 s(-1) for tPA reactions with P1' and P9-labeled PAI-1s, respectively, suggested that tPA-PAI-1 exosite interactions, sensitive to the effects of labeling, promoted a rapid association of PAI-1 and tPA and reversible formation of an acyl-enzyme complex but impeded a rate-limiting burial of the reactive loop leading to trapping of the acyl-enzyme complex. Together, the results suggest a kinetic pathway for formation of the covalent complex between PAI-1 and proteinases involving the initial formation of a Michaelis-type noncovalent complex without significant conformational change, followed by reversible acylation and irreversible reactive loop conformational change steps that trap the proteinase in a covalent complex.

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