Super-Resolution Fluorescence of Huntingtin Reveals Growth of Globular Species into Short Fibers and Coexistence of Distinct Aggregates

Citations Over TimeTop 13% of 2014 papers

Abstract

Polyglutamine-expanded huntingtin, the protein encoded by HTT mutations associated with Huntington's disease, forms aggregate species in vitro and in vivo. Elucidation of the mechanism of growth of fibrillar aggregates from soluble monomeric protein is critical to understanding the progression of Huntington's disease and to designing therapeutics for the disease, as well as for aggregates implicated in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. We used the technique of multicolor single-molecule, super-resolution fluorescence imaging to characterize the growth of huntingtin exon 1 aggregates. The huntingtin exon 1 aggregation followed a pathway from exclusively spherical or globular species of ∼80 nm to fibers ∼1 μm in length that increased in width, but not length, over time with the addition of more huntingtin monomers. The fibers further aggregated with one another into aggregate assemblies of increasing size. Seeds created by sonication, which were comparable in shape and size to the globular species in the pathway, were observed to grow through multidirectional elongation into fibers, suggesting a mechanism for growth of globular species into fibers. The single-molecule sensitivity of our approach made it possible to characterize the aggregation pathway across a large range of size scales, from monomers to fiber assemblies, and revealed the coexistence of different aggregate species (globular species, fibers, fiber assemblies) even at late time points.

Related Papers

• → Huntingtin is required for neurogenesis and is not impaired by the Huntington's disease CAG expansion(1997)522 cited
• → Human single-chain Fv intrabodies counteract in situ huntingtin aggregation in cellular models of Huntington's disease(2001)199 cited
• → Aggregation of N-terminal huntingtin is dependent on the length of its glutamine repeats(1998)161 cited
• → Huntington’s disease cerebrospinal fluid seeds aggregation of mutant huntingtin(2015)54 cited
• → Does tissue transglutaminase play a role in Huntington's disease?(2002)34 cited