ZSM-5- and MgAl₂O₄-Based Bifunctional Additives for Enhancing the Production of Propene and Removal of SO₂ in the Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) Process

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Abstract

ZSM-5 zeolites and magnesium−aluminate spinels have been widely used as fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) additives to improve propene yield and reduce SO2 emission, respectively. In this study, these two components were combined into a single particle to obtain novel bifunctional additives. Meanwhile, a commercial propene additive (ZSM-5/kaolin), in which the Si/Al ratio of ZSM-5 was the same as that of bifunctional additives, was used as a reference. The effects of adding the bifunctional additives containing MgAl2O4 and the commercial propene additive ZSM-5/kaolin to the base catalyst in cracking of vacuum gas oil (VGO) were investigated. Results showed that the bifunctional additive with unmodified ZSM-5 was less active in increasing the propene yield. However, modifying ZSM-5 with both La and P could enhance the performance of the bifunctional additive, resulting in boosts in LPG and propene yields, which can be compared to those in the case of ZSM-5/kaolin. Also, the performances of the SO2 oxidative adsorption over the additives were examined. It showed that both bifunctional additives presented higher uptake capability of SO2 than ZSM-5/kaolin. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), N2 adsorption−desorption techniques, X-ray fluorescence (XRF), 31P and 27Al magic angle spinning (MAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of adsorbed pyridine methods. Results indicated that the Mg2+ ion exchanged with hydroxyl groups of zeolite during the incorporation of MgAl2O4 impaired the zeolite framework during steaming, which can be significantly weakened by modifying ZSM-5 with both La and P.

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