van der Waals versus Hydrogen-Bonding Forces in a Crystalline Analog of Cellotetraose: Cyclohexyl 4′-O-Cyclohexyl β-d-Cellobioside Cyclohexane Solvate

Citations Over TimeTop 15% of 2008 papers

Abstract

Hydrogen bonding is important in cellulosic and other carbohydrate structures, but the role of interactions between nonpolar groups is less understood. Therefore, we synthesized cyclohexyl 4′-O-cyclohexyl β-d-cellobioside (8), a molecule that has two glucose rings and two nonpolar cyclohexyl rings. Key to attaching the 4′-O-cyclohexyl group was making the 4′-O,6′-O-cyclohexylidene ketal. After peracetylation, the cyclohexylidene ketal ring was opened regioselectively, providing 65% of 8 after final deacetylation. Comparison of the crystal structure of 8, as the cyclohexane solvate, with those of cellulose and its fragments, especially cellotetraose with four glucose rings, revealed extensive effects from the cyclohexyl groups. Three conformationally unique molecules (A, B, and C) are in the triclinic unit cell of 8, along with two solvent cyclohexanes. When viewed down the crystal’s a-axis, the array of C, A, and B looks like the letter N, with A inclined so that its cyclohexyl groups can stack with those of the reducing ends of the B and C molecules. The lower left and upper right points of the N are stacks of cyclohexyl rings on the nonreducing ends of B and C, interspersed with solvent cyclohexanes. Whereas cellotetraose has antiparallel (up−down) packing, A and B in 8 are oriented “down” in the unit cell while C is “up”. “Down-down-up” (or, alternatively, “up-up-down”) packing is rare for carbohydrates. Other unusual details include O6 in all three staggered orientations: one is tg, two are gg, and three are gt, confirmed with CP/MAS 13C NMR. The tg O6 donates a proton to an intramolecular hydrogen bond to O2′, opposite to the major schemes in native cellulose I. A similar but novel O6B−H···O2′B hydrogen bond is based on a slightly distorted gg orientation. The hydrogen bonds between parallel molecules are unique, with linkages between O2′A and O2′B, O3′A and O3′B, and O6A and O6B. Other details, such as the bifurcated O3···O5′ and ···O6′ hydrogen bonds are similar to those of other cellulosic structures. C−H···O hydrogen bonds are extensive along the [110] line of quarter-staggering. The unusual features described here expand the range of structural motifs to be considered for as-yet undetermined cellulose structures.

Related Papers

• → Structures ofN-(arenecarbonyl)-N,N′-dicyclohexylureas, cyclohexyl-NH—C(O)—N(cyclohexyl)—C(O)Ar, (Ar = Ph, pyridin-3-yl and pyrazinyl)(2012)3 cited
• → Comparison of the vibrational spectra of K2Cr2O7, Rb2Cr2O7 and CS2Cr2O7(1973)9 cited
• → An x-ray study of some simple derivatives of ethane.—Part I(1928)19 cited
• → The crystal and molecular structure of a triclinic form of phosphobenzene, (PC6H5)6, referred to as B(1966)18 cited
• → The structure of a triclinic form of octafluoroselenanthrene, (C6F4)2Se2(1986)5 cited