Remarkable Capacity Retention of Nanostructured Manganese Oxide upon Cycling as an Electrode Material for Supercapacitor
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Abstract
Electrochemical capacity retention of nearly X-ray amorphous nanostructured manganese oxide (nanoMnO<sub>2</sub>) synthesized by mixing directly KMnO<sub>4</sub> with ethylene glycol under ambient conditions for supercapacitor studies is enhanced significantly. Although X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of nanoMnO<sub>2</sub> shows poor crystallinity, it is found that by Mn K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) measurement that the nanoMnO<sub>2</sub> obtained is locally arranged in a δ-MnO<sub>2</sub>-type layered structure composed of edge-shared network of MnO<sub>6</sub> octahedra. Field emission scanning electron microscopy and XANES measurements show that nanoMnO<sub>2</sub> contains nearly spherical shaped morphology with δ-MnO<sub>2</sub> structure, and 1D nanorods of α-MnO<sub>2</sub> type structure (powder XRD) in the annealed (600 °C) sample. Volumetric nitrogen adsorption−desorption isotherms, inductively coupled plasma analysis, and thermal analysis are carried out to obtain physicochemical properties such as surface area (230 m<sup>2</sup> g<sup>−1</sup>), porosity of nanoMnO<sub>2</sub> (secondary mesopores of diameter 14.5 nm), water content, composition, etc., which lead to the promising electrochemical properties as an electrode for supercapacitor. The nanoMnO<sub>2</sub> shows a very high stability even after 1200 cycles with capacity retention of about 250 F g<sup>−1</sup>.
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