Core-shell Au–TiO2 nanoarchitectures formed by pulsed laser deposition for enhanced efficiency in dye sensitized solar cells

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Abstract

Vertically aligned Au–TiO2 core–shell nanowires were synthesized by using a two step method. Au nanowires were first synthesized using a galvanostatic constant current electrodeposition technique. A shell of anatase TiO2 was subsequently grown on the Au nanowires using pulsed laser deposition. The core–shell nanostructures were then characterized using electron microscopy, electron diffraction, and X-ray diffraction techniques. The results showed that the wires were highly aligned and well separated. Dye sensitized solar cells were then fabricated using the core–shell nanowire arrays as photoanode, N535 dye as the sensitizer and I3−/I− as the redox electrolyte. The Au nanowires inside the highly crystalline TiO2 anatase nanoshell provided a direct conduction path and improved transport for electrons between the TiO2 and the conducting substrate. This efficient electron conduction out of the oxide semiconductor enhanced the current generation as well as the power conversion efficiency of the cell. The influence of the TiCl4 post-treatment on Au–TiO2 core–shell nanowire electrodes is investigated and compared to nontreated films. Cell efficiencies are improved, due to higher photocurrents as a result of this post-treatment. Optical effects of the metal nanowire may have also contributed to improved performance.

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