Nuclear Spin-Lattice Relaxation in Liquid Nontransition Metals
Abstract
We develop a broad interpretation for nuclear spin-lattice relaxation in liquid nontransition metals using our new data for ${\mathrm{Bi}}^{209}$ and previously reported data for ${\mathrm{Ga}}^{69,71}$, ${\mathrm{Rb}}^{85,87}$, ${\mathrm{Sb}}^{121,123}$, ${\mathrm{Na}}^{23}$, and ${\mathrm{In}}^{115}$. Our work provides new insight into the relative importance of the various contributions to the NMR shift $K$ and the nuclear spin-lattice relaxation rate ${R}_{1}$. The three potentially significant contributions to $K$ are the hyperfine contact ${K}_{s}$, hyperfine orbital ${K}_{\mathrm{o}}$, and core polarization ${K}_{\mathrm{cp}}$. All other contributions to $K$ are negligible. The sum of ${K}_{\mathrm{o}}$ and ${K}_{\mathrm{cp}}$ is small compared to ${K}_{s}$ even in heavy elements. The first significant contribution to ${R}_{1}$ is the hyperfine contact rate ${R}_{1s}$, expressed by the Korringa relation, with $K(\ensuremath{\alpha})$, the correction factor for electron-electron interactions, having a reasonable value of about 0.75 for all metals in our study. The second and last non-negligible contribution to ${R}_{1}$ is the nuclear quadrupole rate ${R}_{1q}$ arising from the effect of ionic motion on the conduction electrons, whose magnitude decreases with an increase in temperature.
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