Electric Field Gradients of AtomicpElectrons

Citations Over TimeTop 10% of 1954 papers

Abstract

Calculations from optical spectrums data of the electrostatic field gradient existing at the position of the nucleus in atoms depend on the effective atomic number ${Z}_{i}$. The present article presents a survey of ${Z}_{i}$ values obtained for various elements in varying degrees of ionization. One may conclude from this survey that the relation ${Z}_{i}=Z\ensuremath{-}n$ is a good approximation for calculations dealing with $p$ electrons. On the basis of this relation the average $〈\frac{1}{{r}^{3}}〉$ has been evaluated for low-lying states of interest in chemical bonding for atoms having $p$ valence electrons. The results are presented in a graphical form from which the values for the more complicated cases of N, P, As, and Sb are obtained by interpolation. Atomic field gradients obtained in this article are compared with previous estimates in a number of cases of interest.

Related Papers

• → Positive and negative contexts predict duration of pig vocalisations(2019)69 cited
• → Effects of hedonic valence and physiological arousal on emotion: A comparison of two theoretical perspectives(1985)31 cited
• → Chapter 20 Valence changes in compounds(1979)19 cited
• → Effects of counter anion on mixed-valence states of binuclear ferrocene derivatives(1988)15 cited
• → Valence Mixing in Rare Earth Compounds(1985)