Absence of ferromagnetism in Co and Mn substituted polycrystalline ZnO
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Abstract
We discuss the properties of semiconducting bulk ZnO when substituted with the magnetic transition metal ions Mn and Co, with substituent fraction ranging from $x=0.02$ to $x=0.15$. The magnetic properties were measured as a function of magnetic field and temperature and we find no evidence for magnetic ordering in these systems down to $T=2\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$. The magnetization can be fit by the sum of a Curie-Weiss term with a Weiss temperature of $\ensuremath{\Theta}⪢100\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ and a Curie term. We attribute this behavior to contributions from both $t\mathrm{M}$ ions with $t\mathrm{M}$ nearest neighbors and from isolated spins. This particular functional form for the susceptibility is used to explain why no ordering is observed in $t\mathrm{M}$ substituted ZnO samples despite the large values of the Weiss temperature. We also discuss in detail the methods we used to minimize any impurity contributions to the magnetic signal.
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