Balloon measurements of cosmic ray muon spectra in the atmosphere along with those of primary protons and helium nuclei over midlatitude
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Abstract
We report here the measurements of the energy spectra of atmospheric muons and of the parent cosmic ray primary proton and helium nuclei in a single experiment. These were carried out using the MASS superconducting spectrometer in a balloon flight experiment in 1991. The relevance of these results to the atmospheric neutrino anomaly is emphasized. In particular, this approach allows uncertainties caused by the level of solar modulation, the geomagnetic cut-off of the primaries and possible experimental systematics, to be decoupled in the comparison of calculated fluxes of muons to measured muon fluxes. The muon observations cover the momentum and depth ranges of $0.3--40 \mathrm{GeV}/c$ and $5--886 {\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{c}\mathrm{m}}^{2}$, respectively. A comparison of these results with those obtained in a previous experiment by the same collaboration using a similar apparatus allows us to search for differences due to the different experimental conditions at low energy and to check for the overall normalization between the two measurements. The proton and helium primary measurements cover the rigidity range from 3 to 100 GV, in which both the solar modulation and the geomagnetic cut-off affect the energy spectra at low energies. From the observed low-energy helium spectrum, the geomagnetic transmission function at mid-latitude has been determined.