Observation of seasonal variation of atmospheric multiple-muon events in the NOvA Near Detector
Physical review. D/Physical review. D.2019Vol. 99(12)
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M. A. Acero, P. Adamson, L. Aliaga, T. Alion, V. Allakhverdian, S. Altakarli, Н. Анфимов, A. Antoshkin, A. Aurisano, H.O. Back, C. Backhouse, M. Baird, N. Balashov, Pierre Baldi, Bindu A. Bambah, S. Bashar, K. Bays, S. Bending, Robert Bernstein, V. Bhatnagar, B. Bhuyan, J. M. Bian, J. Blair, A. Booth, P. Bour, C. Bromberg, N. J. Buchanan, A. Butkevich, S. Calvez, M. Campbell, Timothy J. Carroll, E. Catano-Mur, A. Cedeno, S. Childress, B. C. Choudhary, Badrul A. Chowdhury, T. E. Coan, M. Colo, L. A. Corwin, L. Cremonesi, G. S. Davies, P. F. Derwent, P. F. Ding, Z. Djurcic, D. Doyle, E. C. Dukes, Hongyue Duyang, S. Edayath, R. Ehrlich, G. J. Feldman, P. Filip, W. Flanagan, M. J. Frank, H. Gallagher, R. P. Gandrajula, F. Gao, S. Germani, A. Giri, R. A. Gomes, M. C. Goodman, V. Grichine, M. Groh, R. C. Group, B. Guo, A. Habig, F. Hakl, J. Hartnell, R. Hatcher, A. Hatzikoutelis, K. Heller, J. Hewes, A. Himmel, A. Holin, B. Howard, J. Huang, J. Hylen, F. Jediny, C. A. Johnson, M. Judah, I. Kakorin, D. Kalra, Daniel M. Kaplan, R. Keloth, O. Klimov, L. W. Koerner, L. Kolupaeva, S.K. Kotelnikov, A. Kreymer, Ch. Kulenberg, A. Kumar, C. Kuruppu, V. Kus, T. Lackey, K. Lang, S. Lin, M. Lokajı́ček, J. Lozier, S. Luchuk, S. Magill, W. A. Mann, Marvin L. Marshak, V. Matveev, D. P. Méndez, M. D. Messier, H. Meyer, T. Miao, William H. Miller, S. R. Mishra, A. Mislivec, Rukmani Mohanta, A. Moren, L. Mualem, M. Muether, S. Mufson, K. Mulder, Robert Murphy, J. Musser, D. Naples, N. Nayak, J. K. Nelson, R. J. Nichol, Grant Nikseresht, E. Niner, A. Norman, T. Nosek, A. Olshevskiy, T. Olson, J. Paley, R. B. Patterson, G. Pawloski, O. Petrova, R. Petti, D. D. Phan, R. Plunkett, B. Potukuchi, C. Principato, F. Psihas, V. Raj, R. Rameika, B. Rebel, P. Rojas, V. Ryabov, O. Samoylov, M. C. Sánchez, P. Schreiner, I. S. Seong, P. Shanahan, A. Sheshukov, P. Singh, V. Singh, E. Smith, J. Smolík, P. Snopok, N. Solomey, Eunhye Song, A. Sousa, K. Soustružnı́k, M. Strait, L. Suter, A. Sutton, R. L. Talaga, P. Tas, R. B. Thayyullathil, J. Thomas, E. Tiras, S. C. Tognini, D. Torbunov, J. Tripathi, Aristeidis Tsaris, Y. Torun, J. Urheim, P. Vahle, J. Vasel, L. Vinton, P. Vokac, T. Vrba, M. Wallbank, B. Wang, T. K. Warburton, M. Wetstein, M. While, D. Whittington, S. G. Wojcicki, J. Wolcott, Nitin Yadav, A. Yallappa Dombara, K. Yonehara, S. Yu, S. Zadorozhnyy, J. Zálešâk, R. Zwaska
Abstract
Using two years of data from the NOvA Near Detector at Fermilab, we report a seasonal variation of cosmic ray induced multiple-muon (${\mathrm{N}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}\ensuremath{\ge}2$) event rates which has an opposite phase to the seasonal variation in the atmospheric temperature. The strength of the seasonal multiple-muon variation is shown to increase as a function of the muon multiplicity. However, no significant dependence of the strength of the seasonal variation of the multiple-muon variation is seen as a function of the muon zenith angle, or the spatial or angular separation between the correlated muons.