Endotypes of chronic rhinosinusitis: Relationships to disease phenotypes, pathogenesis, clinical findings, and treatment approaches

Citations Over TimeTop 1% of 2021 papers

Abstract

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a common clinical syndrome that produces significant morbidity and costs to our health system. The study of CRS has progressed from an era focused on phenotype to include endotype-based information. Phenotypic classification has identified clinical heterogeneity in CRS based on endoscopically observed features such as presence of nasal polyps, presence of comorbid or systemic diseases, and timing of disease onset. More recently, laboratory-based findings have established CRS endotype based upon specific mechanisms or molecular biomarkers. Understanding the basis of widespread heterogeneity in the manifestations of CRS is advanced by findings that the three main endotypes, Type 1, 2, and 3, orchestrate the expression of three distinct large sets of genes. The development and use of improved methods of endotyping disease in the clinic are ushering in an expansion of the use of biological therapies targeting Type 2 inflammation now and perhaps other inflammatory endotypes in the near future. The purpose of this review is to discuss the phenotypic and endotypic heterogeneity of CRS from the perspective of advancing the understanding of the pathogenesis and improvement of treatment approaches and outcomes.

Related Papers

• → Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps(2019)173 cited
• → The current findings in eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis(2023)25 cited
• → A review of current biomarkers in chronic rhinosinusitis with or without nasal polyps(2023)14 cited
• → P507 CHRONIC RHINOSINUSITIS WITH NASAL POLYPS: AS ASSESSMENT OF CURRENT CLINICAL PRACTICES(2020)
• → Are type-2 biomarkers of any help in distinguishing chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps from chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps?(2022)