Predicting Sirex noctilio and S. nigricornis emergence using degree days

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Abstract

Abstract The study of temporal interactions between native insects and alien invaders can be facilitated by the ability to forecast adult emergence. We used field‐collected adult emergence data of S irex noctilio F abricius ( H ymenoptera: S iricidae), a woodwasp native of E urasia that has recently invaded northeastern N orth A merica, and S irex nigricornis F abricius, a woodwasp native to N orth A merica, to develop and test cumulative degree‐day ( CDD ) models. Five data sets were collected each in O ntario, C anada ( S . noctilio ) and L ouisiana, USA ( S . nigricornis ) over 4 years; three data sets were used to develop models and two were used to test them. Males and females of each species were modelled separately. After testing several potential temperatures, chosen thresholds for CDD were 0 °C lower threshold and 25 °C upper threshold for both S irex spp. We used a three‐parameter G ompertz growth function to model S irex spp. emergence against CDD . Models predicted 10% emergence of S . noctilio in O ntario after 1 239 and 1 280 CDD , for males (start date = 1 A pril; R 2 = 0.91) and females (start date = 1 A pril; R 2 = 0.86), respectively. Models predicted 10% emergence of S . nigricornis in L ouisiana after 3 980 and 5 016 CDD , for males (start date = 1 M ay; R 2 = 0.83) and females (start date = 1 M arch; R 2 = 0.73), respectively. Cumulative degree‐day models predicted 10 and 90% emergence of woodwasp populations with less error (1–13%) than they did 50% emergence (5–27%). For both S irex spp., male emergence began a few days before and concluded at about the same time as that of females. In southern O ntario, models predict that S . noctilio adults will be in flight between 1 015 and 2 430 CDD (1 A pril start date for CDD ; from early‐ J uly until mid‐ S eptember). In L ouisiana, models predict that S . nigricornis adults will be in flight between 3 854 and 4 700 CDD (1 M ay start date for CDD ; from early‐ O ctober until late‐ N ovember).

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