Immune tolerance induction: What have we learned over time?

Citations Over TimeTop 10% of 2018 papers

Abstract

Development of inhibitory antibodies to infused factor VIII (FVIII) concentrates continues to be the most serious complication of haemophilia A management. Induction of immune tolerance by administering high doses of FVIII concentrate (antigen) and prothrombin complex concentrates to control bleeding was originated in the 1970s in Bonn, Germany, by Dr Hans-Hermann Brackmann, and became known as the Bonn protocol. ITI transformed the life of the index patient, who was 19 years of age when he began treatment, and dramatically improved the medical landscape for all patients with haemophilia and inhibitors. Over the past 40 years, variations to the Bonn protocol have been proposed. All protocols are effective although some are better suited than others for use in certain situations. The specific molecular defect in FVIII and the human leucocyte antigen (HLA) type of an individual with haemophilia are major codependent determinants to inhibitor development. Given the range of potential molecular defects and the staggering number of potential HLA types, it is likely that treatment arms of randomized studies in haemophilia represent highly diverse populations, which reduces the power of a study to demonstrate differences between treatments. Although available clinical guidelines and consensus recommendations for ITI therapy are not always in complete agreement, collectively the guidelines provide a reasonable level of guidance for administering ITI therapy under different clinical scenarios. Several studies of ITI therapy are ongoing with the aim of clarifying unresolved issues in haemophilia management including the role of von Willebrand factor in inhibitor eradication.

Related Papers

• → Genetic causes of haemophilia in women and girls(2020)64 cited
• → Inhibitors in the Swedish population with severe haemophilia A and B: a 20‐year survey(2002)32 cited
• → Inhibitors in the Swedish population with severe haemophilia A and B: a 20-year survey(2002)28 cited
• → Frequent but low titre factor VIII inhibitors in haemophilia A patients treated with high purity concentrates(1999)16 cited
• → Genetic-Epidemiologic Study of Haemophilia A and B in Hungary(1990)9 cited