Synergistic proinflammatory interactions of microbial toxins and structural components characteristic to moisture-damaged buildings

Citations Over TimeTop 10% of 2016 papers

Abstract

Indoor exposure to microbes and their structural and metabolic compounds is notoriously complex. To study proinflammatory interactions between the multiple microbial agents, macrophages derived from human THP-1 monocytic cells were exposed to several concentrations of microbial toxins alone (emodin, enniatin B, physcion, sterigmatocystin, valinomycin) and in combination with microbial structural components (bacterial lipopolysaccharide [LPS] or fungal β-glucan). While the expression of proinflammatory cytokines TNFα and IL-1β to single toxins alone was modest, low-dose co-exposure with structural components increased the responses of emodin, enniatin B, and valinomycin synergistically, both at the mRNA and protein level, as measured by RT-qPCR and ELISA, respectively. Co-exposure of toxins and β-glucan resulted in consistent synergistically increased expression of several inflammation-related genes, while some of the responses with LPS were also inhibitory. Co-exposure of toxins with either β-glucan or LPS induced also mitochondrial damage and autophagocytosis. The results demonstrate that microbial toxins together with bacterial and fungal structural components characteristic to moisture-damaged buildings can have drastic synergistic proinflammatory interactions at low exposure levels.

Related Papers

• → Sterigmatocystin: A mycotoxin to be seriously considered(2018)111 cited
• → Conversion of sterigmatocystin to aflatoxin B1 by(1973)74 cited
• → A method for the determination of sterigmatocystin in grain and oilseeds(1968)17 cited
• → Research on the detection of sterigmatocystin in feedstuffs(2005)
• [Mycotoxins in enzyme preparations. Part II. Method of detection and determination of sterigmatocystin].(1991)