Virtual Power Plants with Battery-Integrated Residential Systems
Abstract
This chapter introduces the daily programming framework for a virtual power plant (VPP) in the energy market. The proposed VPP consists of a variety of generation units, including gas turbines (GT), wind turbines (WT), and small battery energy storage systems (BESS) installed in residential areas. To collect and manage BESS, the VPP concludes incentive contracts with residential owners who have installed residential BESS. Moreover, the impact of air pollution and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from the GT is included by applying a penalty cost function. Two different case studies are presented to show the efficacy of the scheduling model. The VPP aims to achieve the highest possible profit by scheduling its generation units and storage facilities in the best way while also meeting the operational requirements of the distribution system. Furthermore, the VPP tries to decrease its environmental impact by reducing its CO2 emissions and air pollution levels.
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