Drug Bioavailability and Gene Profiling: Challenges and Opportunities for Pharmaceutics and Personalized Medicine

Abstract

Oral drug delivery is the most favored and popular route ofdelivering active drug ingredients or therapeutic moieties to thebody. Therefore, high bioavailability from oral dosage forms isa prerequisite. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) definesbioavailability as the rate and extent to which an active drugingredient or therapeutic moiety is absorbed from a drug productand becomes available at the site of action. Examples of oral drugdelivery dosage forms include tablets, capsules, suspensions, andsolutions. The majority of these dosage forms are swallowed, forthe active drug ingredients to be absorbed systemically, via thegastrointestinal tract [1]. A small minority of these dosage forms areswallowed for the active drug ingredients to have a local action in thegastrointestinal tract [1]. Dosage forms such as orally disintegratingtablets are designed to dissolve/disintegrate in the oral cavity,therefore allowing active drug ingredients to be swallowed withgreater ease than conventional tablets.

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