Tangible User Interfaces: Past, Present, and Future Directions

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Abstract

In the last two decades, Tangible User Interfaces (TUIs) have emerged as a new interface type that interlinks the digital and physical worlds.Drawing upon users' knowledge and skills of interaction with the real non-digital world, TUIs show a potential to enhance the way in which people interact with and leverage digital information.However, TUI research is still in its infancy and extensive research is required in order to fully understand the implications of tangible user interfaces, to develop technologies that further bridge the digital and the physical, and to guide TUI design with empirical knowledge.This monograph examines the existing body of work on Tangible User Interfaces.We start by sketching the history of tangible user interfaces, examining the intellectual origins of this field.We then present TUIs in a broader context, survey application domains, and review frameworks and taxonomies.We also discuss conceptual foundations of TUIs including perspectives from cognitive sciences, psychology, and philosophy.Methods and technologies for designing, building, and evaluating TUIs are also addressed.Finally, we discuss the strengths and limitations of TUIs and chart directions for future research.Following diverse workshops related to tangible interfaces at different conferences, the first conference fully devoted to tangible interfaces and, more generally, tangible interaction, took place in 2007 in Baton Rouge, Louisiana.Since then, the annual TEI Conference (Tangible, Embedded and Embodied Interaction) serves as a focal point for a diverse community that consists of HCI researchers, technologists, product designers, artists, and others.This monograph is the result of a systematic review of the body of work on tangible user interfaces.Our aim has been to provide a useful and unbiased overview of history, research trends, intellectual lineages, background theories, and technologies, and open research questions for anyone who wants to start working in this area, be it in developing systems or analyzing and evaluating them.We first surveyed seminal work on tangible user interfaces to expose lines of intellectual influence.Then, in order to clarify the scope of this monograph we examined past TEI and CHI proceedings for emerging themes.We then identified a set of questions to be answered by this monograph and conducted dedicated literature research on each of these questions.We begin by sketching the history of tangible user interfaces, taking a look at the origins of this field.We then discuss the broader research context surrounding TUIs, which includes a range of related research areas.Section 4 is devoted to an overview of dominant application areas of TUIs.Section 5 provides an overview of frameworks and theoretical work in the field, discussing attempts to conceptualize, categorize, analyze, and describe TUIs, as well as analytical approaches to understand issues of TUI interaction.We then present conceptual foundations underlying the ideas of TUIs in Section 6. Section 7 provides an overview of implementation technologies and toolkits for building TUIs.We then move on to design and evaluation methods in Section 8. We close with a discussion of the strengths and limitations of TUIs and future research directions.

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