Neurosymbolic Programming

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Abstract

We survey recent work on neurosymbolic programming, an emerging area that bridges the areas of deep learning and program synthesis. Like in classic machine learning, the goal here is to learn functions from data. However, these functions are represented as programs that can use neural modules in addition to symbolic primitives and are induced using a combination of symbolic search and gradient-based optimization. Neurosymbolic programming can offer multiple advantages over end-to-end deep learning. Programs can sometimes naturally represent long-horizon, procedural tasks that are difficult to perform using deep networks. Neurosymbolic representations are also, commonly, easier to interpret and formally verify than neural networks. The restrictions of a programming language can serve as a form of regular-ization and lead to more generalizable and data-efficient learning. Compositional programming abstractions can also be a natural way of reusing learned modules across learning tasks. In this monograph, we illustrate these potential benefits with concrete examples from recent work on neurosymbolic programming. We also categorize the main ways in which symbolic and neural learning techniques come together in this area. We conclude with a discussion of the open technical challenges in the field.

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