Novel Tissue Types for the Development of Genomic Biomarkers

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Abstract

al., 2009). Low complexity, no known post-processing modifications, simple detection and amplification methods, tissue-specific expression profiles, and sequence conservation between humans and model organisms make extracellular miRNAs ideal candidates for genomic biomarkers to reflect and study various physiopathological conditions of the body.Ideally, the most clinically powerful information would come directly from the tissue of interest.To understand cancer, one must look at malignant cells, much as one must analyze brain tissue to understand the complexities of neuroscience.However, many of these tissues are difficult to access or impossible to reach without potential injury to the patient.Alternative, or "surrogate", tissues can provide a means of assessing the genomic changes in the tissue of interest, without fear of harming the donor.For example, surrogate tissues may contact the tissue of interest and retain sloughed cells, secreted molecules or the contents of dying cells.While these molecular signals may not exactly mirror the tissue of origin, in many cases they are reproducible and can clearly point to underlying biology.Clinical material suitable for biomarker testing can be divided into 2 different types.The first are those that require minimally invasive procedures to obtain.This type includes blood, cerebrospinal fluid, tissue biopsies and so on.Type 2 tissues are those that can be obtained without any invasive means: hair, saliva, tears, epidermal cells, urine, etc.In some cases, acquisition of the material may not be passive.Examples of Type 1 and Type 2 samples are listed in Table 1.

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