Growth of the pectoral girdle of the Leopard frog,Rana pipiens (Anura: Ranidae)

Citations Over TimeTop 22% of 2005 papers

Abstract

This article describes the growth of the anuran pectoral girdle of Rana pipiens and compares skeletal development of the shoulder to that of long bones. The pectoral girdle chondrifies as two halves, each adjacent to a developing humerus. In each, the scapula and coracoid form as single foci of condensed chondrocytes that fuse, creating a cartilaginous glenoid bridge articulating with the humerus. Based on histological sections, both the dermal clavicle and cleithrum begin to ossify at approximately the same time as the periosteum forms around the endochondral bones. The dermal and endochondral bones of the girdle form immobile joints with neighboring girdle elements; however, the cellular organization and growth pattern of the scapula and coracoid closely resemble those of a long bone. Similar to a long bone epiphysis, distal margins of both endochondral elements have zones of hyaline, stratified, and hypertrophic cartilages. As a result, fused elements of the girdle can grow without altering the glenoid articulation with the humerus. Comparisons of anuran long bone and pectoral girdle growth suggest that different bones can have similar histology and development regardless of adult morphology.

Related Papers

• → The nature of the shoulder girdle and clavicular arch in sauropterygia(1892)28 cited
• → On the Development and Morphology of the Marsupial Shoulder-Girdle(1899)20 cited
• → Origin of the unique morphology of the shoulder girdle in turtles(2013)18 cited
• → Growth of the pectoral girdle of the Leopard frog,Rana pipiens (Anura: Ranidae)(2005)18 cited
• → Effects of grouped versus alternating functional training on the shoulder girdle and lumbar-pelvic girdle stability: a randomised controlled trial(2022)1 cited