Analysis of the K Satellite Lines in X-Ray Emission Spectra

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Abstract

When electromagnetic radiation or particles interact with matter, and they are energetic enough, they can produce the ejection of electrons from the atoms, so the latter become ionized. The ionization can be achieved either by irradiation with a conventional x-ray tube (which emits the characteristic x-radiation of the anode material and a copious amount of white radiation over a wide wavelength range), or by impact with electrons (or heavier particles) accelerated in a suitable gun. The emission of x-ray from an excited ion arises from a single electron transition between the states with final and initial vacancies. This is primarily because of the strong electric dipole selection rule, which remains dominant for all save the shortest wavelength x-rays (i.e. ≤ 100 pm). This selection rule requires that the quantum number for the orbital angular momentum shall change by only one unit during the transition, i.e.:

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