A global experiment on motivating social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences2022Vol. 119(22), pp. e2111091119–e2111091119
Citations Over TimeTop 10% of 2022 papers
Nicole Legate, Thuy-vy Thi Nguyen, Netta Weinstein, Arlen C. Moller, Lisa Legault, Zahir Vally, Zuzanna Tajchman, András N. Zsidó, Miha Zrimsek, Zhang Chen, Ignazio Ziano, Zoi Gialitaki, Chris D. Ceary, Yuna Jang, Yijun Lin, Yoshihiko Kunisato, Yuki Yamada, Qinyu Xiao, Xiaoming Jiang, Xinkai Du, Elvin Yao, William S. Ryan, John Paul Wilson, Wilson Cyrus-Lai, William Jiménez‐Leal, Wilbert Law, Wenceslao Unanue, W. Matthew Collins, Karley Richard, Marek Vranka, Vladislav Ankushev, Vidar Schei, Veronika Lerche, Vanja Ković, Valerija Križanić, Veselina Kadreva, Vera Ćubela Adorić, Ulrich S. Tran, Siu Kit Yeung, Widad Hassan, Ralph Houston, M. Anthony Machin, Tiago Jessé Souza de Lima, Thomas Ostermann, Thomas Frizzo, Therese E. Sverdrup, Thea House, Tripat Gill, Maksim Fedotov, Tamar Paltrow, Teodor Jernsäther, Tasnim Rahman, Tanya Machin, Maria Koptjevskaja‐Tamm, Tom Hostler, Tatsunori Ishii, Barnabás Szászi, Sylwia Adamus, Lilian Suter, Suparpit M. von Bormann, Sumaiya Habib, Anna Studzińska, Dragana Stojanovska, Steve M. J. Janssen, Stefan Stieger, Stefan E. Schulenberg, Srinivasan Tatachari, Soufian Azouaghe, Piotr Sorokowski, Agnieszka Sorokowska, Xin Song, Sofie Morbée, Savannah C Lewis, Sladjana Sinkolova, Dmitry Grigoryev, Shira Meir Drexler, Shimrit Daches, Shelby L. Levine, Shawn N. Geniole, Shahunur Akter, Selena Vračar, Sébastien Massoni, Sebastiano Costa, Saša Zorjan, Eylül Sarıoğuz, Sara Morales-Izquierdo, Sarah Suzette Tshonda, Sara G. Alves, Sara Johanna Pöntinen, Sara Álvarez Solas, Santiago Ordóñez-Riaño, Sanja Batić Očovaj, Sandersan Onie, Samuel Lins, Theresa Biberauer, Sami Çoksan, Sakda Khumkom, Aslı Saçaklı, Susana Ruiz Fernández, Sandra J. Geiger, Saeideh FatahModares, Radosław B. Walczak, Ruben Betlehem, Roosevelt Vilar, Rodrigo A. Cárcamo, Robert M. Ross, Randy J. McCarthy, Tonia Ballantyne, Erin Westgate, Richard M. Ryan, Rafael Gargurevich, Reza Afhami, Dongning Ren, Renan Pereira Monteiro, Ulf‐Dietrich Reips, Niv Reggev, Robert Calin‐Jageman, Razieh Pourafshari, Raquel Oliveira, Mina Nedelcheva-Datsova, Rima-Maria Rahal, Rafael Ramos Ribeiro, Theda Radtke, Rachel A Searston, Rachadaporn Jai‐ai, Redeate Habte, Przemysław Zdybek, Sau-Chin Chen, Piyaorn Wajanatinapart, Princess Lovella Gonzales Maturan, Jennifer T. Perillo, Peder Mortvedt Isager, Pavol Kačmár, Paulo Manuel Macapagal, Michael R. Maniaci, Paulina Szwed, Paul H. P. Hanel, Paul Forbes, Patrícia Arriaga, Bastien Paris, Neha Parashar, Konstantinos Papachristopoulos, Pablo Correa, Ondřej Kácha, Márcia Bernardo, Olatz Campos, Olalla Niño Bravo, Oscar J. Galindo-Caballero, Chisom Ogbonnaya, Olga Białobrzeska, Natalia Kiselnikova, Nicolle Simonovic, Noga Cohen, Nora L. Nock, Alejandrina Hernandez, Cecilie Thøgersen‐Ntoumani, Nikos Ntoumanis, Niklas Johannes, Nihan Albayrak‐Aydemir, Nicolas Say, Andreas B. Neubauer, Neil Martin, Nathan Torunsky, Natasha van Antwerpen, Natalia Van Doren, Naoyuki Sunami, Nikolay R. Rachev, Nadyanna M. Majeed, Nadya-Daniela Schmidt, Khaoula Nadif, Nadia Saraí Corral-Frías, Nihal Ouherrou, Nida Abbas, Myrto Pantazi, Marc Yancy Lucas, Martin R. Vasilev, María Victoria Ortiz, Muhammad Mussaffa Butt, Murathan Kurfalı, Muhib Kabir, Rafał Muda, María del Carmen MC Tejada Rivera, Miroslav Sirota, Martin Seehuus, Michał Parzuchowski, Mónica Toro, Monika Hricová, Mónica Alarcón Maldonado, Panagiotis Rentzelas, Maarten Vansteenkiste, Molly A. Metz, Magdalena Marszałek, Maria Karekla, Giovanna Mioni, Minke Jasmijn Bosma, Minja Westerlund, Milica Vdović, Michał Białek, Miguel Alejandro A. Silan, Michele Anne, Michał Misiak, Maria Cristina Gugliandolo, Maurice Grinberg, Mariagrazia Capizzi, Mauricio F. Espinoza Barría, Merve A. Kurfali, Michael C. Mensink, Mikayel Harutyunyan, Meetu Khosla, Megan R. Dunn, Max Korbmacher, Matúš Adamkovič, Matheus Fernando Félix Ribeiro, Maria Terskova, Matej Hruška, Marcel Martončik, Martin Voracek, Martin Čadek, Martha Frías Armenta, Marta Kowal, Marta Topor, Marta Roczniewska, Marlies Oosterlinck, Markéta Braun Kohlová, Mariola Paruzel‐Czachura, Marina Sabristov, Marina Romanova, Μαριέττα Παπαδάτου-Παστού, Maria Louise Lund, Maria Antoniadi, Maria Elena Magrin, Marc V. Jones, Manyu Li, Manuel S. Ortíz, Mathi Manavalan, Abdumalik Muminov, Małgorzata Kossowska, Maja Friedemann, Magdalena Wielgus, Madelon L. M. van Hooff, Marco Antônio Corrêa Varella, Martyn Standage, Matilde Nicolotti, Melissa F. Colloff, Maria Bradford, Leigh Ann Vaughn, Luis Eudave, Luc Vieira, Jackson G. Lu, Lina Maria Sanabria Pineda, Lennia Matos, Laura Calderón Pérez, Ljiljana B. Lazarević, Lisa M. Jaremka, Eline Suzanne Smit, Elizaveta Kushnir, Lisa J. Ferguson, Lisa Anton-Boicuk, Gabriel Lins de Holanda Coelho, Lina Ahlgren, Francesca Liga, Carmel Levitan, Leticia Micheli, Lesley-Ann Gunton, Leonhard Volz, Marija Stojanovska, Leanne Boucher, Lara Samojlenko, Lady Grey Javela, Lada Kaliská, Beatrix Lábadi, Lara Warmelink, Luis Miguel Rojas-Berscia, Karen Yu, Keith Wylie, Jakub Wachowicz, Kermeka Desai, Krystian Barzykowski, Luca Kozma, Kortnee C. Evans, Komila Kirgizova, Bamikole B. Emmanuel Agesin, Monica A. Koehn, Kelly Wolfe, Tatiana Korobova, Katherine Morris, Kristoffer Klevjer, Kevin van Schie, Kévin Vezirian, Kaja Damnjanović, Katrine Krabbe Thommesen, Kathleen Schmidt, Katarzyna Filip, Karolina Staniaszek, Karolina Grzech, Karlijn Hoyer, Karis Moon, Sirikon Khaobunmasiri, Kafeel Rana, Kristina Janjić, Jordan W. Suchow, Julita Kielińska, Julio E. Cruz Vásquez, Julien Chanal, Julia Beitner, Juan Camilo Vargas-Nieto, Jose Carlos T. Roxas, Jennifer M. Taber, Joan Urriago-Rayo, Jeffrey M. Pavlacic, Jozef Benka, Jozef Bavoľár, José A. Soto, Jonas Olofsson, Johannes K Vilsmeier, Johanna Messerschmidt, Johanna Czamanski‐Cohen, Joachim Waterschoot, Jennifer D. Moss, Jordane Boudesseul, Jeong Min Lee, Julia Kamburidis, Jennifer A. Joy-Gaba, Janis Zickfeld, Jacob Francisco Miranda, Jeroen P. H. Verharen, Evgeniya Hristova, Julie Beshears, Jasna Milošević Đorđević, Jasmijn Bosch, Jaroslava Varella Valentová, Jan Antfolk, Jana Berkessel, Jana Schrötter, Ján Urban, Jan Philipp Röer, James O. Norton, Jaime R. Silva, Jade Pickering, Jáchym Vintr, Jim Uttley, Jonas R. Kunst, Izuchukwu L. G. Ndukaihe, Aishwarya Iyer, Iris Vilares, Aleksandr Ivanov, Ivan Ropovik, Isabela Sula, Ирена Сариева, Irem Metin-Orta, Irina Prusova, Isabel R. Pinto, Andreea Ioana Bozdoc, Inês Almeida, Ilse L. Pit, İlker Dalḡar, Ilya Zakharov, Azuka Ikechukwu Arinze, Keiko Ihaya, Ian D. Stephen, Biljana Gjoneska, Hilmar Brohmer, Heather D. Flowe, Hendrik Godbersen, Halil Emre Kocalar, Mattie V. Hedgebeth, Hu Chuan-Peng, MohammadHasan Sharifian, Harry Manley, Handan Akkaş, Nándor Hajdú, Habiba Azab, Gwenaël Kaminski, Gustav Nilsonne, Gulnaz Anjum, Giovanni A. Travaglino, Gilad Feldman, Gerit Pfuhl, Gabriela Czarnek, Gabriela Mariana Marcu, Gabriela Hofer, Gabriel Baník, Gabriel Agboola Adetula, Gijsbert Bijlstra, Frederick Verbruggen, Franki Y. H. Kung, Frank Martela, Francesco Foroni, Jacques Forest, Gage Singer, Fany Muchembled, Flávio Azevedo, Farnaz Mosannenzadeh, Evelina Marinova, Eva Štrukelj, Zahra Etebari, Emma L. Bradshaw, Ernest Baskin, Elkin O. Luís, Erica D. Musser, I. M. M. van Steenkiste, El Rim Ahn, Eleanor Quested, Ekaterina Pronizius, Emily Jackson, Efisio Manunta, Елена Агадуллина, Dušana Šakan, Pınar Dursun, Olivier Dujols, Dmitrii Dubrov, Megan Willis, Murat Tümer, Jennifer L Beaudry, Dora Popović, Daniel J. Dunleavy, Ikhlas Djamai, Dino Krupıć, Dora Herrera, Diego Vega, Hongfei Du, Débora Jeanette Mola, Desislava Chakarova, William E. Davis, Dawn Liu Holford, David M. G. Lewis, David C. Vaidis, Daphna Hausman Ozery, Danilo Zambrano, Daniel Storage, Daniela Sousa, Daniela Serrato Alvarez, Daniel Boller, Anna Dalla Rosa, Daliborka Dimova, Dajana Krupić, Dafne Marko, David Moreau, Crystal Reeck, Rita C. Correia, Cassie M. Whitt, Claus Lamm, Claudio Singh Solorzano, Claudia C. von Bastian, Clare Sutherland, Clara Overkott, Christopher L. Aberson, Chunhui Wang, Christopher P. Niemiec, Christiana Karashiali, Chris Noone, Faith Chiu, Chiara Picciocchi, Charlotte Brownlow, Cemre Karaarslan, Nicola Cellini, Celia Esteban‐Serna, Cecilia Reyna, Cecilia Ferreyra, Carlota Batres, Ranran Li, Caterina Grano, Joëlle Carpentier, Christian K. Tamnes, Cynthia H.Y. Fu, Byurakn Ishkhanyan, Lisa Bylinina, Bastian Jaeger, Carsten Bundt, Tara Bulut Allred, Branko Vermote, Ahmed Bokkour, Natalia Bogatyreva, Jiaxin Shi, William J. Chopik, Benedict Guzman Antazo, Behzad Behzadnia, Maja Becker, Manal M. Bayyat, Beatrice Cocco, Wei‐Lun Chou, Vassilis Barkoukis, Barbora Hubená, Barbara Žuro, Balázs Aczél, Ekaterina Baklanova, Hui Bai, Busra Bahar Balci, Peter Babinčák, Bart Soenens, Barnaby Dixson, Aviv Mokady, Heather Barry Kappes, Mohammad Atari, Anna Szala, Anna Szabelska, John Jamir Benzon R. Aruta, Artur Domurat, Nwadiogo Chisom Arinze, Arianna Modena, Arca Adıgüzel, Arash Monajem, Kanza AIT EL ARABI, Asil Ali Özdoğru, Alex O. Rothbaum, Adriana Olaya Torres, Andriana Theodoropoulou, Anna Skowronek, Anita Penić Jurković, Anisha Singh, Angelos P. Kassianos, Andrej Findor, Andree Hartanto, Anaïs Thibault Landry, Ana Ferreira, Anabela Caetano Santos, Anabel De la Rosa-Gómez, Amélie Gourdon-Kanhukamwe, Alexandria M. Luxon, Anna Louise Todsen, Alper KARABABA, Allison Janak, A. Pilato, Alexandre Bran, Alexa M. Tullett, A Kuźmińska, Anthony J. Krafnick, Anum Urooj, Ahmed Khaoudi, Afroja Ahmed, Agata Groyecka-Bernard, Adrian Dahl Askelund, Adeyemi Adetula, Anabel Belaus, Abdelilah CHARYATE, Aaron L. Wichman, Alina Stoyanova, Anna Greenburgh, Andrew G. Thomas, Alexiοs Arvanitis, Patrick S. Forscher, Peter Robert Mallik, Nicholas A. Coles, Jeremy K. Miller, Hannah Moshontz, Heather L. Urry, Hans IJzerman, Dana Basnight-Brown, Charles R. Ebersole, Christopher R. Chartier, Erin Michelle Buchanan, Maximilian Primbs
Abstract
Finding communication strategies that effectively motivate social distancing continues to be a global public health priority during the COVID-19 pandemic. This cross-country, preregistered experiment (n = 25,718 from 89 countries) tested hypotheses concerning generalizable positive and negative outcomes of social distancing messages that promoted personal agency and reflective choices (i.e., an autonomy-supportive message) or were restrictive and shaming (i.e., a controlling message) compared with no message at all. Results partially supported experimental hypotheses in that the controlling message increased controlled motivation (a poorly internalized form of motivation relying on shame, guilt, and fear of social consequences) relative to no message. On the other hand, the autonomy-supportive message lowered feelings of defiance compared with the controlling message, but the controlling message did not differ from receiving no message at all. Unexpectedly, messages did not influence autonomous motivation (a highly internalized form of motivation relying on one’s core values) or behavioral intentions. Results supported hypothesized associations between people’s existing autonomous and controlled motivations and self-reported behavioral intentions to engage in social distancing. Controlled motivation was associated with more defiance and less long-term behavioral intention to engage in social distancing, whereas autonomous motivation was associated with less defiance and more short- and long-term intentions to social distance. Overall, this work highlights the potential harm of using shaming and pressuring language in public health communication, with implications for the current and future global health challenges.
Related Papers
- → Physical distancing or social distancing: that is the question(2020)69 cited
- → Improving the Concept of Medication Vending Machine in the Light of COVID-19 and other Pandemics(2020)8 cited
- → Choosing Physical Distancing over Social Distancing in the Era of Technology: Minimizing Risk for Older People(2020)4 cited
- → ‘Social Distancing’ or Distancing from Eternal Human Values? A Psychosocial Analysis in Post COVID-19 Era in Context of Indian Dharmic Traditions(2024)